Geography * Surveying, the technique and science of measuring positions and distances on Earth * Aerial survey, a method of collecting information using aerial photography * Cadastral survey, used to document land ownership, by the production of documents, diagrams, plats, and maps * Deviation survey, used in the oil industry to measure a borehole's departure from the vertical * Dominion Land Survey, the method used to divide most of Western Canada into one-square-mile sections for agricultural and other purposes * Public Land Survey System, a method used in the United States to survey and identify land parcels * Survey township, a square unit of land, six miles (~9.7 km) on a side, used by the U.S. Public Land Survey System Statistics * Statistical survey, a collection of quantitative information about members of a population o Census, a collection of information about every member of a population o Sampling (statistics), collecting information on only a sample of a population * Opinion poll, an informal collection of opinions using sampling * Quantitative marketing research, the use of surveys to collect data for marketing purposes * Paid survey, statistical survey which rewards the participant, often used to collect information for marketing purposes * Questionnaire, a series of questions used to gather information Earth Sciences * Geological survey, an investigation of the subsurface of the ground to create a geological map or model * Geophysical survey, the systematic collection of geophysical data for spatial studies * Soil survey, the mapping of the properties and varieties of soil in a given area * Archaeological field survey, the collection of information by archaeologists prior to excavation * Hydrographic survey, the gathering of information about navigable waters for the purposes of safe navigation of vessels * Cave survey, the three-dimensional mapping of underground caverns; the resulting map is also referred to as a survey Astronomy * Astronomical survey, imaging or mapping regions of the sky * Durchmusterung, a German word for a systematic survey of objects or data, generally used in astronomy * Redshift survey, an astronomical survey of a section of the sky to calculate the distance of objects from Earth Academia * Survey article, a scholarly publication to summarize an area of research Organizations * The Institut Géographique National, a French state establishment which produces and maintains geographical information for France and its territories * The Survey of India, India's central agency in charge of mapping and surveying * The Zoological Survey of India studies the fauna of India * The British Geological Survey, a body which carries out geological survey and monitoring of the UK landmass * The Ordnance Survey, national mapping agency for Great Britain * The British Antarctic Survey, conducts scientific research in and around Antarctica for the United Kingdom * The United States Geological Survey, government scientific research agency which studies the landscape of the United States * The U.S. National Geodetic Survey, performs geographic surveys as part of the U.S. Department of Commerce Analysis is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts to gain a better understanding of it. The technique has been applied in the study of mathematics and logic since before Aristotle, though analysis as a formal concept is a relatively recent development. The word is a transcription of the ancient Greek ?????s?? (analusis), "a breaking up" (from ana- "up, throughout" + lysis "a loosening").[1] As a formal concept, the method has variously been ascribed to Ibn al-Haytham,[2] René Descartes (Discourse on the Method) and Galileo Galilei. It has also been ascribed to Isaac Newton, in the form of a practical method of physical discovery (which he did not name or formally describe). Business * Business analysis, involves identifying the needs and determining the solutions to business problems * Price Analysis, involves the breakdown of a price to a unit figure * Market analysis, consists of suppliers and customers, and price is determined by the interaction of supply and demand Computer Science * Competitive analysis (online algorithm), shows how online algorithms perform and demonstrates the power of randomization in algorithms * Lexical analysis, the process of processing an input sequence of characters and producing as output a sequence of symbols * Object-oriented analysis and design, à la Booch * Program analysis (computer science), the process of automatically analysing the behavior of computer programs * Semantic analysis (computer science), a pass by a compiler that adds semantical information to the parse tree and performs certain checks * Static code analysis, the analysis of computer software that is performed without actually executing programs built from that software * Structured Systems Analysis and Design Methodology, à la Yourdon * Syntax analysis, a process in compilers that recognizes the structure of programming languages, also known as parsing * Worst-case execution time, determines the longest time that a piece of software can take to run Economics * Agroecosystem analysis * Input-output model if applied to a region, is called Regional Impact Multiplier System * Principal components analysis, a technique that can be used to simplify a dataset Engineering See also: Engineering analysis and Systems analysis Analysts in the field of engineering look at structures, mechanisms, systems and dimensions. Electrical engineers analysis of systems in electronics. Life cycles and system failures are broken down and studied by engineers. Finance * Financial analysis, the analysis of the accounts and the economic prospects of a firm * Fundamental analysis, a stock valuation method that uses financial analysis * Technical analysis, the study of price action in securities markets in order to forecast future prices Government and law Policy analysis was defined by Stuart Nagel as "determining which of various alternative policies will most achieve a given set of goals in light of the relations between the policies and the goals". This form of study is conducted most commonly by governments, but can be applied to the private sector as well. In law, the IRAC format is the most commonly used method of legal analysis in briefs and other documents. Intelligence See also: Intelligence analysis The field of intelligence employs analysts to break down and understand a wide array of questions. intelligence agencies may use heuristics, inductive and deductive reasoning, social network analysis, dynamic network analysis, link analysis, and brainstorming to sort through problems they face. Military intelligence may explore issues through the use of game theory, Red Teaming, and wargaming. Signals intelligence applies cryptanalysis and frequency analysis to break codes and ciphers. Business intelligence applies theories of competitive intelligence analysis and competitor analysis to resolve questions in the marketplace. Law enforcement intelligence applies a number of theories in crime analysis. Literature Literary theory is the analysis of literature. Some say that literary criticism is a subset of literary theory. The focus can be as diverse as the analysis of Homer or Freud. This is mainly to do with the breaking up of a topic to make it easier to understand. Mathematics Mathematical analysis can be applied in the study of classical concepts of real numbers, such as the complex variables, trigonometric functions, and algorithms, or of non-classical concepts like constructivism, harmonics, infinity, and vectors. Music * Musical analysis, a process attempting to answer the question "How does this music work?" * Schenkerian analysis Philosophy * Philosophical analysis, a general term for the techniques used by philosophers * Analysis is the name of a prominent journal in philosophy. Psychotherapy * Psychoanalysis, seeks to elucidate connections among unconscious components of patients' mental processes * Transactional analysis Signal processing * Finite element analysis, a computer simulation technique used in engineering analysis * Independent component analysis * Link quality analysis, the analysis of signal quality * Path quality analysis Statistics * Analysis of variance (ANOVA), a collection of statistical models and their associated procedures which compare means by splitting the overall observed variance into different parts * Meta-analysis, combines the results of several studies that address a set of related research hypotheses * Time-series analysis, methods that attempt to understand a sequence of data points spaced apart at uniform time intervals